Abstract:Background: The global burden of low bone mineral density (LBMD) in older adults represents a critical public health concern due to its association with increased disability and mortality. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of LBMD trends and disparities from 1990 to 2021, with future projections. Methods: Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. Trends in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), mortality, age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR), and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) were assessed across regions, genders, and sociodemographic index (SDI) levels. Annual percent changes (EAPCs) were calculated to quantify trends. 8 time-series machine learning algorithms were applied to predict the global trends to 2050. Results: In 2021, global DALYs and mortality due to LBMD were 11.87 million and 377,746 respectively, increasing since 1990. Women's burden was nearly twice that of men, though men's growth was more pronounced. ASDR and ASMR showed downward trends, yet ASMR's reduction was insignificant. Medium SDI regions had higher growth, while low SDI endured a heavier burden. High SDI countries had a heavier DALY burden, low SDI ones higher mortality risk. Among different age groups, ages 95+ had highest ASDR/ASMR and largest increments. Projections indicate absolute numbers will rise. Conclusions: Despite a decline in ASDR, LBMD-related mortality remains a pressing concern due to insufficient reductions in ASMR. Regional and gender-specific disparities underscore the need for targeted interventions, particularly in low and middle SDI regions. Enhanced prevention and management strategies are essential to mitigate the rising global burden of LBMD.
Abstract:The growth of Gig platforms has rapidly expanded during post pandemic times. Gig workers often face numerous health, financial, mental and work-related challenges. Moving specifically to the financial challenges, these groups are characterised by irregular income, lack of health insurance, social welfare schemes thus posing a serious threat to their financial wellness. In today’s evolving financial landscape, gig workers face challenges in achieving financial well-being. This paper analyses gig workers Financial Well Being and focuses on finding out the main determinants of Financial Well Being and how it differs with respect to demographics. The research was conducted in the state of Kerala, a place well known for its literacy rate. The study was conducted among 206 Swiggy and Zomato workers using a structured questionnaire. The analysis part was done using statistical tools like WarpPLS and Process Macro. With these statistical tools, regression and Two-Way ANOVA tests were conducted. The findings suggest that Financial Literacy (FL), Financial Self Efficacy (FSE) and Risk Appetite (RA) have a notable impact on Financial Well Being (FWB). Also, there is an interesting result in relation to the two-way ANOVA test with regard to the financial well-being. The present study stresses on the importance of, financial education training programmes that improve budgeting and saving skills that can help Zomato and Swiggy employees improve their financial well-being. Also, programs aimed at building financial self confidence can be incorporated to enhance the financial health of gig workers.
Abstract:Currently, there is a picture of an extensive increase in the volume of standard housing using outdated building codes of the 70s - 80s of the last century. However, modern demand requires the construction of houses that morally and technologically meet the modern needs of the population. One of the important needs of the Kazakhstani population is the construction of houses that correspond to the concept of national identity and ethnic originality, corresponding to the spirit of neo-nomadism. A modern requirement for buildings is energy efficiency. The article obtains an equation for the energy efficiency of a modern building with elements of national architecture. The initial condition is the equation of the heat balance of the building made in the form of the top of the yurt - a dome. The dome shape has become widespread in many buildings in Kazakhstan, including the main building of the residence of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Akorda. The dome shape is one of the forms with the least energy efficiency, due to the smallest ratio of surface area to volume of the figure. Taking into account heat loss and solar heating, a first-order differential equation was obtained. This equation describes the change in the internal temperature of the building. The equation is solved by the method of variation of a constant. The equation reflects the stationary temperature depending on the external solar heat or the environment, such dome parameters as heat loss, material properties. Based on the obtained equation, a daily graph of temperature changes inside the dome was constructed for winter conditions of the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana. The graph showed that the dome-shaped form stably maintains the temperature inside the dome even with significant fluctuations in external temperature, i.e. the hemisphere, as an architectural element, showed good energy efficiency in the harsh winter conditions of Kazakhstan. The reasons for the good energy efficiency of dome-shaped buildings were indicated: the smallest ratio of the dome surface area to the internal volume, therefore, with the smallest surface area, heat loss is the smallest. The most common rectangular buildings have a surface area 40% larger than domed ones; good conditions are created inside the dome to maintain a microclimate, since warm air rising upward in the dome is distributed evenly under the dome, which leads to uniform heating of the surface, thereby excluding places with high temperature and pressure drops, and therefore heat leaks; good resistance to wind loads. The dome-shaped structure is well streamlined by wind flows. In rectangular buildings, the wind pressure blows directly into the wall, which leads to high wind loads on the building. This is especially relevant for the city of Astana, with its strong wind loads.
Abstract:Fish diseases doctrine consist of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Communicable fish diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi and their toxic products that fish widespread to another through contact with bodily fluids, blood products, contaminated surfaces, or environmental (water). In ecological environment we live in, human/environmental health awareness is increasing and level of utilization of natural resources is coming to fore. Importance of alives health and careful protection are becoming necessity every passing day. Its serious fact that forest products are unshakable milestone of marin medical science. Most notable forest product in this regard is forest antibiotics that resin. Need for resin and its derivatives is increasing day by day. Tree resin is solid or highly viscous liquid that maybe converted into polymer. Resins mixtures of organic compounds, and predominantly terpenes. Resins protect plants from insects, pathogens, and are secreted in response to injury. On the other hand, this study has addressed it as antibacterial substance that prevents fish diseases seen in fish. Here we summarise state of knowledge about resin production in modern ecosystems, especially in ocean ecosystems, and review antipathogenic and anti-pathogenesis aspects of resin production in plants and fish. We suggest that besides diseases, prunings, insect attacks and traumatic wounding from fires and storms, other factors such as tree architecture and local soil conditions are significant in creating and preserving resin outpourings. We advocate that this natural wonder antipathogenic defence mechanism resin of trees can be incorporated into drug design used in the treatment of fish diseases. Also, this manuscript deals with stopped resins chain of infection, routes, and modes of entry of pathogenic bacteria, tree wood host case report defences against fish diseases infections, and types of infectious agents and their mechanism of infections, in period of antibiotic deficiency against fish diseases where we exposed to bacterial resistance.
Abstract:The Logarithmic Number System (LNS) has emerged as a promising alternative to floating-point arithmetic, particularly in digital signal and image processing applications. While LNS efficiently manages multiplication, division, and square-root operations through fixed-point arithmetic, addition and subtraction remain challenging due to inherent non-linearity in both operations and a singularity issue unique to subtraction. These problems require significant memory resources to maintain floatingpoint precision, using interpolation techniques to defeat non-linearity and co-transformation procedures to resolve singularities in subtraction. This review provides a complete overview of the evolutionary development of LNS, highlighting these main innovations and new developments aimed at reducing memory usage and hardware efficiency in LNS implementations. The paper finishes with an exploration of promising directions aimed at increasing the efficiency of LNS so that it will be a competitive option to floating-point arithmetic in a wider variety of computing environments.
Abstract:Electroencephalography (EEG) feature extraction plays a fundamental role in translating raw neural signals into meaningful representations for applications such as neurological diagnostics, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), and cognitive state monitoring. This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of mathematical approaches employed in EEG feature extraction, categorized into time, frequency, time-frequency and nonlinear domains. In addition to reviewing existing methods, an experimental study was conducted using real EEG data from the Bonn University dataset. Features including statistical descriptors, Hjorth parameters, band powers, spectral entropy, approximate entropy, fractal dimension, Hurst exponent, and Lempel-Ziv complexity were systematically extracted and compared between healthy and seizure recordings. Furthermore, timefrequency representations were generated using Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) to capture transient and non-stationary dynamics. The results demonstrate that a multi-domain feature extraction strategy significantly enhances the ability to characterize and discriminate pathological EEG signals. Key challenges such as data variability, limited dataset availability, and the need for standardized analysis pipelines are also discussed, along with future directions including the development of benchmark datasets, explainable AI-driven feature selection, and real-time EEG processing optimization. By integrating theoretical insights with experimental validation, this study aims to support the development of more reliable, interpretable, and scalable EEG-based systems for scientific and clinical use.
Abstract:Background:In the context of modern challenges such as the growth of cybercrime, the spread of cryptocurrencies and the strengthening of transnational criminal networks, the legal systems of many countries are forced to adapt to new realities and improve their approaches to combating money laundering. These changes require both deep theoretical understanding and the formation of an effective legal framework to protect the economy and financial system from the penetration of criminal proceeds. Methods: This study was conducted using a set of methods traditionally used in legal science, allowing for a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the topic. To achieve the goal, the authors of the article used a set of methods, including content analysis and the case study method, as a result of which an analysis of the national and regional legislation of Kazakhstan was carried out, as well as a study of judicial practice, identifying certain problems associated with digitalization and the use of artificial intelligence in the legal system.The article substantiates the need to strengthen interdepartmental cooperation, introduce advanced analytical methods and automated monitoring of financial flows. The purpose of the study is to analyze the delinquency of digitalization as a tool for legalizing the laundering of criminal proceeds from the point of view of prevention, economic and legal regulation and improvement of counteraction mechanisms. Results and conslusions: The results of the study emphasize the need to improve coordination between structures, introduce modern analytical methods and monitoring technologies to strengthen the fight against crimes related to money laundering and terrorist financing. The cognitivism of digitalization delinquency reflects not only the transformation of criminal behavior, but also the use of high technology, artificial intelligence, and other digital tools, which complicates the process of identifying criminal operations and their participants. This requires law enforcement agencies and the judicial system to develop modern investigation methods and apply legal instruments to collect evidence.
Abstract:Background: The influence of artificial intelligence (AI) across different spheres of life continues to increase, and the pharmacy profession has not been left behind. Across research in different countries, AI emerges as an instrumental technology transforming how pharmacy professionals undertake their routine duties. However, with the increase in the use of AI in pharmacy practice emerges a critical need to understand the ethical implications that this new trend has within the pharmacy sector. The purpose of the current study was to systematically review published studies to understand how the adoption of AI in pharmacy practice impacts ethical practice from the perspectives of the challenges it presents, its influence in decision-making and the existing regulatory frameworks, and understand possible solutions to challenges emerging within the pharmacy profession as a result of increasing adoption of AI. Methods: Using PRISMA guidelines, the researcher conducted a systematic review of articles published between 2014 and 2024 and which were focused on elements of ethical implications of AI for its adoption and application within the pharmacy practice. Four electronic databases; PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for data sources, from which a total of3732 articles emerged from the initial search. Upon screening for suitability, 17 articles remained and were systematically reviewed. Data extraction and synthesis was carried out and summarized in a standard Table. Results: The review revealed a dual impact of AI in pharmacy practice, enhancing efficiency while posing ethical risks. It emerged that AI-driven decision-making tools serve to improve medication safety but at the same time do require robust ethical frameworks for the purpose of ensuring fairness, transparency, and accountability. Conclusions: The findings point to the conclusion that there is a need for continued ethical discourse, regulatory development, and pharmacist education from all relevant stakeholders for the purpose of maximizing AI’s benefits while mitigating risks.
Abstract:Introduction: Quarantining is a widely used public health measure for controlling pandemics that can spread throughout the population. However, the economic impact of quarantine, especially for less severe viruses, has led to debates regarding its necessity. The purpose: This study aimed to estimate the direct and indirect costs associated with setting up a quarantine facility for the Mpox (formerly called monkeypox) virus. Methods: This study modeled a facility in Saudi Arabia housing 100 Mpox patients for a 14-day incubation period. Direct costs encompassed accommodation and treatment expenses, while indirect costs reflected the loss in productivity due to employees missing work. Results: The findings show that direct costs amounted to approximately $152,500, with $150,000 attributed to accommodations. In contrast, indirect costs were approximately $129,500. If patients were to self-isolate at home, indirect costs would significantly exceed the direct costs. Conclusion: This study concluded that enforcing quarantine could have a negative economic impact due to job absenteeism. Given the low public risk of Mpox and the availability of affordable treatments, alternative measures such as mass vaccination, remote working, and improved hygiene practices are recommended to manage the spread of the virus.
Abstract:Introduction: Muscle weakness is a significantly problematic symptom and condition that arises from a range of medical conditions and which has in previous studies been linked to impacting millions of people with varying conditions globally. Accordingly, the effective management of muscle weakness is essential because it has a strong association with broader health outcomes that include but are not limited to mobility, cardiovascular health, and mortality. Method: This study was a comprehensive analysis of pharmacological interventions for muscle weakness using data from ClinicalTrials.gov. The initial search targeted studies directly focused on interventions for muscle weakness and a total of 1201 trials emerged. Of the 1,201 trials initially identified, 94 studies met inclusion criteria in that they were specifically targeting pharmacological interventions to improve muscle function. Results: The findings showed that interventions for muscle weakness encompass a range of therapy modalities that include anabolic medicines, creatine supplementation, neuromuscular pharmacotherapies, anti-inflammatory medications, and device-based therapies. An evaluation of these findings shows that they emphasize the diversity in therapeutic approaches, from anabolic agents to neuromuscular drugs, revealing the need for individualized treatment strategies based on patient demographics, underlying health conditions, and specific drug mechanisms. Conclusion: This analysis contributes valuable insights into the effectiveness and safety of pharmacological treatments for muscle weakness, highlighting promising directions for future research.