Abstract:Electroencephalography (EEG) feature extraction plays a fundamental role in translating raw neural signals into meaningful representations for applications such as neurological diagnostics, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), and cognitive state monitoring. This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of mathematical approaches employed in EEG feature extraction, categorized into time, frequency, time-frequency and nonlinear domains. In addition to reviewing existing methods, an experimental study was conducted using real EEG data from the Bonn University dataset. Features including statistical descriptors, Hjorth parameters, band powers, spectral entropy, approximate entropy, fractal dimension, Hurst exponent, and Lempel-Ziv complexity were systematically extracted and compared between healthy and seizure recordings. Furthermore, timefrequency representations were generated using Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) to capture transient and non-stationary dynamics. The results demonstrate that a multi-domain feature extraction strategy significantly enhances the ability to characterize and discriminate pathological EEG signals. Key challenges such as data variability, limited dataset availability, and the need for standardized analysis pipelines are also discussed, along with future directions including the development of benchmark datasets, explainable AI-driven feature selection, and real-time EEG processing optimization. By integrating theoretical insights with experimental validation, this study aims to support the development of more reliable, interpretable, and scalable EEG-based systems for scientific and clinical use.
Abstract:Background:In the context of modern challenges such as the growth of cybercrime, the spread of cryptocurrencies and the strengthening of transnational criminal networks, the legal systems of many countries are forced to adapt to new realities and improve their approaches to combating money laundering. These changes require both deep theoretical understanding and the formation of an effective legal framework to protect the economy and financial system from the penetration of criminal proceeds. Methods: This study was conducted using a set of methods traditionally used in legal science, allowing for a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the topic. To achieve the goal, the authors of the article used a set of methods, including content analysis and the case study method, as a result of which an analysis of the national and regional legislation of Kazakhstan was carried out, as well as a study of judicial practice, identifying certain problems associated with digitalization and the use of artificial intelligence in the legal system.The article substantiates the need to strengthen interdepartmental cooperation, introduce advanced analytical methods and automated monitoring of financial flows. The purpose of the study is to analyze the delinquency of digitalization as a tool for legalizing the laundering of criminal proceeds from the point of view of prevention, economic and legal regulation and improvement of counteraction mechanisms. Results and conslusions: The results of the study emphasize the need to improve coordination between structures, introduce modern analytical methods and monitoring technologies to strengthen the fight against crimes related to money laundering and terrorist financing. The cognitivism of digitalization delinquency reflects not only the transformation of criminal behavior, but also the use of high technology, artificial intelligence, and other digital tools, which complicates the process of identifying criminal operations and their participants. This requires law enforcement agencies and the judicial system to develop modern investigation methods and apply legal instruments to collect evidence.
Abstract:Background: The influence of artificial intelligence (AI) across different spheres of life continues to increase, and the pharmacy profession has not been left behind. Across research in different countries, AI emerges as an instrumental technology transforming how pharmacy professionals undertake their routine duties. However, with the increase in the use of AI in pharmacy practice emerges a critical need to understand the ethical implications that this new trend has within the pharmacy sector. The purpose of the current study was to systematically review published studies to understand how the adoption of AI in pharmacy practice impacts ethical practice from the perspectives of the challenges it presents, its influence in decision-making and the existing regulatory frameworks, and understand possible solutions to challenges emerging within the pharmacy profession as a result of increasing adoption of AI. Methods: Using PRISMA guidelines, the researcher conducted a systematic review of articles published between 2014 and 2024 and which were focused on elements of ethical implications of AI for its adoption and application within the pharmacy practice. Four electronic databases; PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for data sources, from which a total of3732 articles emerged from the initial search. Upon screening for suitability, 17 articles remained and were systematically reviewed. Data extraction and synthesis was carried out and summarized in a standard Table. Results: The review revealed a dual impact of AI in pharmacy practice, enhancing efficiency while posing ethical risks. It emerged that AI-driven decision-making tools serve to improve medication safety but at the same time do require robust ethical frameworks for the purpose of ensuring fairness, transparency, and accountability. Conclusions: The findings point to the conclusion that there is a need for continued ethical discourse, regulatory development, and pharmacist education from all relevant stakeholders for the purpose of maximizing AI’s benefits while mitigating risks.
Abstract:Introduction: Quarantining is a widely used public health measure for controlling pandemics that can spread throughout the population. However, the economic impact of quarantine, especially for less severe viruses, has led to debates regarding its necessity. The purpose: This study aimed to estimate the direct and indirect costs associated with setting up a quarantine facility for the Mpox (formerly called monkeypox) virus. Methods: This study modeled a facility in Saudi Arabia housing 100 Mpox patients for a 14-day incubation period. Direct costs encompassed accommodation and treatment expenses, while indirect costs reflected the loss in productivity due to employees missing work. Results: The findings show that direct costs amounted to approximately $152,500, with $150,000 attributed to accommodations. In contrast, indirect costs were approximately $129,500. If patients were to self-isolate at home, indirect costs would significantly exceed the direct costs. Conclusion: This study concluded that enforcing quarantine could have a negative economic impact due to job absenteeism. Given the low public risk of Mpox and the availability of affordable treatments, alternative measures such as mass vaccination, remote working, and improved hygiene practices are recommended to manage the spread of the virus.
Abstract:Introduction: Muscle weakness is a significantly problematic symptom and condition that arises from a range of medical conditions and which has in previous studies been linked to impacting millions of people with varying conditions globally. Accordingly, the effective management of muscle weakness is essential because it has a strong association with broader health outcomes that include but are not limited to mobility, cardiovascular health, and mortality. Method: This study was a comprehensive analysis of pharmacological interventions for muscle weakness using data from ClinicalTrials.gov. The initial search targeted studies directly focused on interventions for muscle weakness and a total of 1201 trials emerged. Of the 1,201 trials initially identified, 94 studies met inclusion criteria in that they were specifically targeting pharmacological interventions to improve muscle function. Results: The findings showed that interventions for muscle weakness encompass a range of therapy modalities that include anabolic medicines, creatine supplementation, neuromuscular pharmacotherapies, anti-inflammatory medications, and device-based therapies. An evaluation of these findings shows that they emphasize the diversity in therapeutic approaches, from anabolic agents to neuromuscular drugs, revealing the need for individualized treatment strategies based on patient demographics, underlying health conditions, and specific drug mechanisms. Conclusion: This analysis contributes valuable insights into the effectiveness and safety of pharmacological treatments for muscle weakness, highlighting promising directions for future research.
Abstract:Background: Vaccination is a critical public health measure that prevents infectious diseases and mitigates severe health complications. However, adults with disabilities often face barriers to vaccination, including healthcare accessibility, vaccine hesitancy, and underlying medical conditions that may heighten their vulnerability to vaccine preventable diseases. Despite their increased risk, research on vaccination outcomes, accessibility, and efficacy in this population remains limited. Objective: This review aims to assess the current landscape of clinical trials on vaccination in adults with disabilities by analyzing data from ClinicalTrials.gov. The objective is to identify trends, challenges, and gaps in research to inform future studies and policy recommendations for improving vaccine accessibility and uptake in this demographic. Methods: A search was conducted on ClinicalTrials.gov on December 26, 2024, using the keywords "vaccination and disability." Completed interventional studies with available results focusing on adults with disabilities were included. Data extracted included study design, intervention type, outcome measures, demographic details, and trial phases. Results: The search identified 215 relevant clinical trials, of which 78 met the inclusion criteria. The majority of trials focused on immunogenicity and safety, employing vaccines such as Tetanus-Diphtheria, Influenza, Pneumococcal, and COVID-19 vaccines. Most studies utilized randomized interventional designs, with primary outcomes assessing immune response through geometric mean titers (GMTs) and adverse event monitoring. The trials spanned various phases, from early safety assessments (Phase 1) to large-scale efficacy studies (Phase 3 and 4). Inclusion criteria in these studies varied, with some focusing on older adults and individuals with immunocompromised conditions, highlighting a need for more comprehensive research on diverse disability subgroups. Conclusion: While substantial research has been conducted on vaccination in adults with disabilities, gaps remain in addressing accessibility, vaccine hesitancy, and long term efficacy. Future studies should prioritize inclusive trial designs, targeted interventions, and policy frameworks that enhance vaccine equity and public health outcomes for this vulnerable population.
Abstract:To evaluate the microvascular features in patients diagnosed with both acute and convalescent stages of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), a meta-analysis was conducted. The Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane databases were searched up to January 18, 2025. Eight studies were deemed eligible, examining vessel density (VD) in both the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) utilizing OCTA. The results indicated that convalescent VKH patients exhibited a slight reduction in SCP VD compared to healthy controls, with significant decreases observed in the macular whole enface (MD -1.29, 95% CI: -2.09, -0.49), foveal (MD -2.46, 95% CI: -4.80, -0.13), and parafoveal (MD -1.56, 95% CI: -2.24, -0.87) regions. A comparable decline was noted in DCP VD, particularly in the parafoveal regions (MD -3.00, 95% CI: -5.07, -0.93). In the active VKH cohort, foveal DCP VD (MD -1.39, 95% CI: -2.52, -0.27) was significantly lower than that of healthy controls. Furthermore, the choriocapillaris (CC) flow area was significantly diminished in convalescent VKH patients relative to healthy controls (MD = -0.06, 95% CI: -0.10, -0.02). The findings of the meta-analysis underscore the utility of OCTA in providing quantitative assessments of microvasculature in VKH disease.
Abstract:Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) represents a substantial global public health burden, particularly among women of reproductive age, who face significant risks during pregnancy if affected by the condition. This study seeks to provide a thorough evaluation of the disease burden and trends of PAH in women of reproductive age (WPAH), aiming to guide the development of targeted prevention and control strategies. Methods: Data on the incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and deaths of WPAH were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD) database for the years 1990 to 2021. Age-standardized rate (ASR) of incidence (ASIR) and ASR of prevalence (ASPR), ASR of DALYs (ASDR), and ASR of mortality(ASMR) were calculated at global, regional and national level, stratified by sociodemographic index (SDI) and age, to assess percentage changes and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). The Spearman correlation test was employed to quantify the interlink between SDI and disease burden indicators, while burden disparities were analysed using decomposition analysis. Health inequality was assessed using the slope index of inequality and the concentration index of inequality. Finally, the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was employed to project the future disease burden. Results: In 2021, the global case of incidence, prevalence, DALYs, and deaths of WPAH all increased. Since 1990, the global incidence rate of pulmonary hypertension has increased, while the prevalence rate has remained relatively stable, and both DALYs and death rates have decreased significantly. Across the 5 SDI regions, the ASIR and ASPR in the low SDI region demonstrated a marked decline. In contrast, the ASIR in other regions remained stable or showed a slight decrease, while the ASPR remained stable or increased slightly. Nonetheless, both the ASDR and ASMR displayed a clear downward trend across regions. The global cases of WPAH across all age groups has risen, with the 45–49 age group experiencing the most substantial growth. Results from the Spearman correlation test indicated a negative correlation between SDI and the ASIR. The ASPR initially decreased and then increased with rising SDI levels, while both the ASDR and ASMR initially increased and then declined as SDI increased. Decomposition analysis highlighted that population expansion was the key determinant of fluctuations in global incidence, prevalence, DALYs and death rates. The health inequality analysis indicates relatively minor disparities in inequality across regions with different SDI levels. Furthermore, projections using the BAPC model suggest that the ASIR, ASPR, ASDR and ASMR are likely to experience a decline by 2040. Conclusions: Overall, the burden of WPAH remains substantial. However, with advancements in treatment, the burden has improved from 1990 to 2021 and is projected to continue improving by 2040.
Abstract:The global burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is on the rise. Central arteriosclerosis, a critical pathological mechanism underlying CVD, is influenced by multiple factors. Given the limitations of current single-target pharmacological interventions, there is an urgent need to investigate multi-target therapeutic strategies. This study employs a network pharmacology approach, integrating data from the SwissTargetPrediction and GeneCards databases toidentify 37 intersection targets of isoflavones and central arteriosclerosis. Aprotein-protein interaction (PPI) network is constructed to pinpoint core targets, including SRC, CASP3, ESR1, EGFR, and STAT3. Gene Ontology (GO) andKyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses indicate that isoflavones modulate inflammatory responses, apoptosis, andoxidative stress by regulating the "Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction" pathway. The multi-target synergistic effects of isoflavones emulate the activityof the estrogen receptor (ESR1), inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis and suppressing STAT3-mediated inflammatory signal transduction, thereby enhancing vascular homeostasis. In comparison to traditional statins, the multi-target mechanism of isoflavones aligns more closely with the intricate pathological network of arteriosclerosis, offering novel insights for the development of natural therapeutics. This study elucidates the comprehensive therapeutic potential of isoflavones. Future experiments are necessary to validate the specific targets and dose-response effects to facilitate clinical applications.
Abstract:Background With the aging population in the Western Pacific region, the rising burden of liver cancer associated with high body mass index (BMI) has become a focus of public health concern. This study aims to assess trends in liver cancer burden linked to high BMI among the elderly (60+) from 1990 to 2021 and explore its relationships with aging, socioeconomic development, and human resources for health (HRH). Methods Data on deaths and disability-adjusted life years were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021, while HRH data came from GBD 2019. The estimated annual percentage change was calculated to assess trends, and decomposition analysis examined the contributing factors. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to evaluate relationships between disease burden and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and HRH. Results From 1990 to 2021, the liver cancer burden linked to high BMI significantly increased among the elderly in the Western Pacific. China had the highest overall burden due to its large population, while Australia saw the greatest growth. Decomposition analysis revealed that population growth and epidemiological changes were the key drivers. However, the relationship between disease burden and SDI, as well as HRH density, was weak. Conclusion The burden of liver cancer caused by high BMI in the Western Pacific region remains a serious public health issue. Promoting the early diagnosis and comprehensive intervention of obesity and its related diseases, optimizing the allocation of health resources, and strengthening the management of chronic diseases are key strategies for reducing the burden of liver cancer.