The article describes the results of researching a corporate factor as a factor to enhance management efficiency in the contemporary context. As a result of a research undertaken based on open sources, a necessity to enhance the role of the corporate culture in a management system has been substantiated, main factors determining the growth of significance and efficiency of socio-cultural and moral-and-ethical tools in management have been disclosed. The characteristics of a management system are necessitated both by the laws and consistent patterns of economy and management, the level of development of a theoretical and practical management, as well as by historical and geographical factors, national and cultural peculiarities, industry-specific features, as well as by the personal properties and potential of the organizations’ managers. The functions that a corporate culture implements suggest a broad range of tasks addressed today with its help by the organizations, and, moreover, accentuate the importance of such a social institute. Setting up a strong positive corporate culture aligned with the development strategy is a prerequisite for an effective management, survivability and competitiveness of organizations in the present-day conditions.

Castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) is a versatile plant with great adaptability and multiple applications: biofuel, medicine, industrial among others. The aim of this work was to evaluate the productive potential of four varieties of castor oil plants for biodiesel production in arid lands of México. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design with split plot plots arrangement and three replicates. The large plot was the variety and the small plot the population density. The varieties of castor oil plants used were Rincon, Cedaso, Treinta y seis and Krishna. Population densities were 13,888, 9,259 and 6,944 plants ha-1, with beds of 1.20 m width and distances of 0.60, 0.90 and 1.20 m between plants. The variables measured were percentage of germination, days to flowering, leaf area, dry weight and seed yield. Data was analyzed by variance and means tests (HSD at α = 0.05) and MANOVA through the SAS program version 9.0. The data showed significant differences in the seed yield for the four varieties of castor plants, reaching yields of up to 945 kg ha-1in a single harvest. Krishna variety showed the best developmental and agronomic characteristics for cultivation in arid region of Comarca Lagunera in Mexico and it may be an option for biodiesel production purposes.

Modern theories of economic growth view human capital as one of its key factors, since it is human capital that can provide economic growth not only by increasing labor productivity, but also through the generation and implementation of new ideas and innovations, in addition, it facilitates their perception and dissemination.\nThe methodological basis of the research is basically a dialectical and systematic approach to the analysis of the facts in question. The research is based on a wide use of methods of analysis and synthesis, factor analysis and statistical analysis.\nThe result is the calculation of the consolidated index of human capital management in the regions of the Russian Federation and the development of a program for the development of the intellectual and innovative potential of human capital.\nThe obtained results allow complementing existing studies of human capital in terms of interaction with the intellectual and innovative potential. The practical importance of the study is to formulate recommendations for improving the management of human capital in the region and the development in it of the prerequisites and factors necessary for innovative and scientific activities.\nFor most regions of Russia, it is necessary to develop and modernize existing programs for the development of human capital, in order to improve the economic potential in innovative areas, taking into account the specifics of each region. For Tatarstan, emphasis should be laid on the preparation of innovative programs for territorial clusters, the territory of advanced development and special economic zones, the creation and development of which is laid down in the Tatarstan strategic development program until 2030, with the use of the main factor – human capital.

The role of pumpkin seed oil (PSO) against the nicotine (Nc) induced micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (Mn-PCEs), oxidative stress in hepatic and renal tissues of mice are the aims of the present work. The albino mice (40 male) were classified into four groups; were continuously and carefully observed for15 consecutive days. These four grouped mice were treated as the control group; given only distilled water, the group received orally 4 ml/Kg of PSO daily and groups received 16 mg/Kg Nc for ten consecutive days. The fourth group treated like group two and begin treated with 16 mg/Kg Nc at 6th day along with PSO. The consequence of the treatment results as Nc significantly increased the incidence of Mn-PCEs and decreased the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes to normochromatic erythrocytes (PCEs/NCEs). Also, Nc treatment significantly elevated hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation and decreased intracellular glutathione in both tissues accompanied with down regulated in the expression of antioxidant genes. While pre-treatment with PSO, and along with Nc, rendered protection against Nc induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity as demonstrated by inhibiting the frequency of Mn-PCEs induction and lipid peroxidation concentration as well as significantly improved intracellular glutathione and modulated the expression of antioxidant genes. It can be concluded that PSO exhibited a protective role against hepatic, renal and bone marrow genotoxicity induced by nicotine in male mice.

The centralized traditional power grid leads to national power blackout resulting increase in research for alternate solutions. The solar photovoltaic is connected with module integrated converter (MIC) is the efficient way of increasing the performance in nowa-days. The modelling and analysis of such a microconverter with various Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques is simulated with dynamic simulation software in this work. The MPPT algorithm is applied on the SEPIC converter to extract the maximum and optimal power from the panel. The objective of the proposed research is to convert the raw solar energy from the PV cell and supplied to the load with high efficiency and high power quality. The converter includes low voltage stress on the semiconductor devices and simplicity of design. The switching losses are also reduced by replacing with single MOSFET in SEPIC converter. Hence the triggering components and commutation components are reduced while using a MOSFET and therefore the conduction losses are reduced. The converter is analysed with different modern MPPT techniques and this paper concludes optimal MPPT for the converter to extract the maximum power. Finally, the converter is designed for the rating of 80W and optimal MPPT is experimentally verified on the converter.

The aim of this research is to determine and analyze the factors affecting firm value on the companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange. Firm value was used as the dependent variable and was represented by Tobin’s Q. On the other hand, the independent variables consisted of profitability (ROA), capital structure (DER), firm size, growth opportunity, tangibility, and liquidity (current ratio). The population used was all 45 companies listed on LQ-45 during February 2016. There were 37 companies included as the sample which was obtained using purposive sampling. The research period was from the year of 2012 to 2015. The data analysis technique used was linear regression. The research result showed that significant relationship with firm value only exist on two research variables which are profitability and capital structure. It appears that firm size, growth opportunity, tangibility, and liquidity do not have significant result.

Waste recycling and material recovery is a green approach for dealing with the emergent issue of solid waste in urban areas. Just like other developing countries, waste pickers (informal) are essential part of solid waste management system and are acting parallel to formal waste management entities in Pakistan. However, their role always remained independent and hidden and never been appreciated. This study was designed to provide evidence based situation analysis of current role of waste pickers in waste management system in the Gujranwala city of Pakistan. The findings would facilitate the authorities to own the informal sector and integrate their role into an existing formal solid waste management system as a win-win situation for achieving the objective of improved society, economy and environmental health. For this study, a Waste Picker Survey was carried out to understand the existing process of recycling mechanism in the city. The results revealed that total recovery amount by 20 waste pickers (informal entities) within Gujranwala City is 1,640 kg/day, which is greater than that of 20 waste pickers at the Gondlanwala disposal site, i.e., 1,100 kg/day. The average recovery amount per waste picker within the city is 82 kg/day; whereas, at the Gondlanwala disposal site the recovery amount per waste picker is 55 kg/day that means 60% recyclable material is picked within the city and only 40% reach the disposal site. This high amount of recyclable materials being picked within the city reveals the important role of waste pickers in waste management system of the city.

Concrete pavements are preferred over bituminous pavement due to its low life cycle cost, high durability and low maintenance. There are many literatures like PCA (1984), IRC 58 (2015), AASHTO (1993), ACI 395, IRC SP 62 (2014) available for the design of jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP). However, critical edge stress calculation vary depending on assumptions of the specific guideline. Performance of concrete pavement depends on parameters like subgrade stiffness, size of slab, thickness of slab, traffic and environmental loads, configuration and location of traffic load, repetition of load, properties of concrete, load transfer mechanism at joints, etc. It is necessary to understand the effect of different parameters on critical edge stress while designing JPCP. In this paper a study is carried out by preparing realistic finite element models for concrete pavement slab subjected to traffic as well as temperature differential load. Practically possible variations in different parameters are considered which affects the design, and few recommendations for better design are suggested.

In general, various methods and tools had been developed in order to melt and pour the reactive metals like titanium under vacuum. The apparatus and system which are used are very costlier and uneconomical. As for this paper, the main objective is to present preliminary design of the setup which shall be used in melting and pouring the molten metal under the inert atmosphere and vacuum system. Currently the most suitable method of titanium is to use induction skull melting(ISM) in which the alloy is melted in water cooled segmented copper crucible. Although this enhances up the metallurgical properties satisfactory, it has a poor efficiency and is therefore costly to use. In this paper, it is proposed to melt the titanium alloy with argon shielding. Prior to that the experimental setup required for the argon gas shielding is fabricated in house and the heating medium used is induction melting with the help of existing induction furnace. The complete set up is redesigned and modified with new conceptual design for titanium melting with bottom pouring crucible mechanism. A promising new technique for direct melting and pouring cobalt chromium/titanium alloy for medical implants emerged from this project. Our research demonstrated the feasibility of direct melting and casting of cobalt chromium /Titanium alloy (Ti6AlV4) vacuum technology.

Fruits of Leuchtenbergia principis were collected from the botanical garden of the Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas de la UJED, with the objective of evaluating the effect of temperature and storage time on the viability of seeds of the \"Cactus agave\". The first batch of seeds was collected in September 2013, and the second batch of seeds in September 2014. The objective was to evaluate the viability of seeds of the \"Cactus agave\", affected by the storage time and to evaluate the effect of the temperature over its longevity. The seeds were placed in Petri dishes, using sand as a substrate. The five boxes (considered as five repetitions), were placed in a germinating chamber with a photoperiod of 12 light hours / 12 dark hours, under a constant temperature of 25 ° C. The daily germination record of the seeds was taken for 30 days, determining the percentage of germination at the end of the period, as well as the germination speed (t50) calculated as the number of days elapsed until obtaining half of the seeds that germinated in 30 days. No significant differences were found in the percentage of germination according to the storage time, with 91% germination of the seeds collected in September 2013 and 89% germination of the seeds collected in September 2014. It is important to extend the experiment with more years of storage of the seeds to determine the time and conditions in which stored seeds lose viability.

Silver nanoparticles (SNP) are used in a variety of consumer and biomedical products because of its antibacterial activity. These applications result in an increment human exposition for systemic toxicity of SNP. The present study evaluated clinical, hematology and histopathological alterations in rats exposed to different sizes and concentrations of intraperitoneally administrated SNP. Different groups of Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected using two sizes (7.1 and 17.5 nm) and three different concentrations of SNP (133.75, 535 and 1070 µg/mL) for 0, 15 and 30 days. General clinical conditions, clinical chemistry, hematology and histopathology tests were evaluated. All SNP samples were well tolerated for all rats. Clinical chemistry and hematology values were associated with liver and renal abnormalities (p˂0.05). Histopathology analysis revealed the presence of chronic inflammatory infiltrate, lymphoid follicles (not reported previously) and nodular inflammatory infiltrate in stomach, lungs, liver and kidneys. Concentrations and the size of SNP were associated to clinical chemistry, hematology and histopathology findings (p<0.05). These results provide in vivo evidence of toxic effect of SNP in rats. The administration of intraperitoneal injected SNP might remarkably induce toxic effects in the structure and function of specific organs.

Industrial effluent and municipal sewage water rapidly discharge in ecosystems that cause pollution and interfere the plant growth. In countries, like Pakistan where wastewater is commonly used to irrigate both food and non food crops.In this study, effect of wastewater (municipal sewage water (MSW) and sugar Mill effluent (SME)) with different treatments, control (distalled water) and raw water (25, 50 and 75 %) on physiological and biochemical characteristics of two rice varieties i.e. Basmati-385 (B-385) and Shaheen Basmati (S.B) were examined. Physiological parameters such as germination percentage, germination rate, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot showed the maximum increased at 25 % while significant decreased was observed at concentrated rawwater. Similarly, at 25%, significant decreased was observed in cellular injury, proline and Na+ion content followed by an increase in K+ and Ca+ion contents. Significant increase occurred in photosynthetic pigments (chl a, chl b and carotenoids) at 25 % than the control. It can be concluded that dilutions of water is one of the key processes for reducing the concentration of toxic metals in wastewater and can be used effectively for crop irrigation.

This study aims to determine and test the difference between learning outcomes and interaction between test results using demonstration learning with students who use cooperative learning and have high learning motivation and have low learning motivation.\nData collection techniques used questionnaires and test methods. While the sampling technique using random sampling. While the data analysis used is a two-way variance analysis used normality and homogeneity before knowing the data of normal distribution and data homogeneity.\nBased on calculations made that cooperative learning proved to give a positive influence and improve student learning outcomes

The purpose of this research is to know and test the Effect of Using Cooperative Learning Model, Conventional Learning Model and Learning Motivation to Learning Outcomes\nData collection using questionnaires and test methods. Questionnaires are used to determine student learning motivation, while testing methods are used to determine learning outcomes. While the data analysis is a two-way variance analysis.\nBased on the calculation, cooperative learning can be an alternative innovative learning model used by teachers to improve student learning outcomes

Malnutrition and heart diseases are common among kidney patients undergoing hemodialysis. A study was conducted to assess the dietary status and lipid profile of hemodialysis patients in Multan. A total of 60 subjects were taken from both sexes, out of which 30 subjects were on maintenance hemodialysis and 30 were healthy. Dietary status particularly estimated total caloric intake/day was assessed by using 24-hour dietary recall method and calculated with the help of Pakistan food composition database 2001. Blood samples were taken from arterio-venous fistula for lipid profile in hemodialysis patients before starting dialysis procedure and healthy subjects by vein puncturing. The results indicated that estimated intake of calories was lower than the recommended intake for hemodialysis patients as compared to healthy subjects. The serum cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) / low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels more than 95th percentile and high density lipoprotein (HDL) less than 40 mg/dL were defined as dyslipidaemia. In current study, common lipid abnormalities were noticed as slightly elevated cholesterol levels, hypertriglyceridemia, and decrease in HDL levels compared to healthy population. This study suggests that assessment of caloric intake/day and its management of hemodialysis patients play a central role in preventing the risk of malnutrition.

With the invention of newer alloys with extreme hardness and the advancement of CNC machine tools it has become inevitable to search for new cutting tools with longer tool life and for enhancement with quality as well as productivity. In the present investigation EN32 case hardened low carbon steel is taken as workpiece material and the Ti/TiN multi layer PVC coated and uncoated tungsten carbide are taken as cutting tool under continuous turning process. 28 numbers of experiments are conducted with different conditions of input parameters such as speed, feed, and depth of cut. It is observed from the experimental results that cutting tool with Ti/TiN coated possesses increased wear resistance and toughness. It is further observed that the dominant failure mechanism of the cutting tool is due to abrasive wear from the images taken from the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Further, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) analyses have performed to investigate the exportation of the workpiece material in atomic level into the wear zone of the cutting tool

Mezcal is a traditional Mexican alcoholic beverage made through an artisanal process in which several microorganisms from the region ferment the juice from Agave pines. Eight isolated strains (A1, C2, D2, D3, E1, F2, G1 and H1) from the region of San Francisco Etúcuaro in Michoacán, México were studied and identified using molecular techniques. DNA extraction was carried out by alkaline lysis and 5.8S rRNA was amplified using the internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS4 as primers. The amplified sequences were identified using public data bases as yeast from the genus Rhodotorula, Kodamaea, Meyerozyma, Clavispora and Kluyveromyces. Cell growth, substrate consumption and ethanol production in YPD medium was measured for each strain. Maximum growth rates (max) ranged from 0.26 h-1 to 63 h-1and cell concentrations of 107-108 cell/mL. Sugar in the medium was depleted between 10 and16 hours, except for Rh. mucilaginosa strains, which had a lower consumption. Initial pH from the medium decreased significantly in 24 hours, whereas ethanol production increased from 1.23% to 11% (v/v). C. lusitaniae and K. marxianus were the fastest growing strains, while only C. lusitaniae was the best ethanol producer.

This paper studies the effect of coarser fill on circular tunnel subjected to dynamic\nloading. Three different diameter tunnels were used to carry the test at different\noverburden depth. Tunnel was placed parallel and perpendicular to direction of shaking.\nThe tunnel was assumed to be elastic. The dry coarser fill was used for test. Dry coarser\nfill was assumed to follow non-linear elastic–plastic material using Mohr–Coulomb\nfailure criterion with non-associated flow rule. The properties of soil like young’s\nmodulus and shear modulus of coarser fill was calculated from bender element test. The\nsoil-tunnel interface coefficient was calculated from direct shear test. The soil pressure\ngenerated due to dynamic loading were measured by soil pressure transducers. The actual\nmotion of shake table was captured by hand held vibration analyser. The 3-D finite\nelement model was developed for tunnel with both orientations. The results obtained from\nnumerical analysis are compared with experimental results and are expressed in form of\npeak dynamics stresses.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the scientific language used in the DSM-5 to diagnose “mental disorders” through a theoretical analysis. In particular, the concepts of “science of mental disorders” and “scientific progress” are investigated and the epistemological and operative implications of their use are introduced, covering the fields of psycho-social sciences. Arguing from a interactionist theoretical perspective, for the first set of implications, the concepts of a-theoretical, objective and neutral, evidence-based research and the tools used in order to pursue diagnostic validity and reliability are analyzed. For the second set, some consequences of the use of such concepts in the work of mental health professionals with their patients, are highlighted. In conclusion, some considerations about the relationship between the object of study, epistemological references and practical instruments are expressed.

The present work deals with a novel approach of vector Voltage, Flux and Puissance Control (VOC, FOC and DPC) strategies for a Double Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS). A new formula for harmonic current mitigation using active filters is developed and proposed by our laboratory, in purpose of generate a clean green power to the grid. The several level control strategies both in normal operation and under constraint conditions are discussed, including: active and reactive power control for the rotor-side converter, DC voltage control for the grid-side converter and the corresponding internal current loops control. Simulation results with experimental comparison for a dynamic 1.5 MW DFIG model confirm the robustness and the performance of the different proposed approaches

Many efforts have been done in Mexico City trying to reduce air pollution; however the results obtained have not been as good as expected. Gasolines were reformulated in 1986, oxygenated compounds were added in 1988, a mandatory Inspection/Maintenance program I/M and Driving Restrictions was applied in 1989, modified in 2008, 2014 and 2016. The introduction of unleaded Gasoline Magna Sin in 1990 allowed the use of catalytic converters in vehicles, and the reduction of sulphur content in gasoline, causing a slow decrement in air pollution. On November 1989, driving restrictions were applied for the first time in a mandatory fashion, removing 20% of the vehicles of the traffic from Monday to Friday, adding Saturdays in July 2008 and modified in July 2014. Nevertheless, reduction in air pollution was not observed, neither in 1989, 2008 nor in 2014. In 1992 the reduction of sulphur in gasoline content reduced the pollution, but in 2009 when the content of sulphur was reduced to 30 ppm did not show any improvement.

This paper mainly discusses a photovoltaic pumping system ¸which consists of photovoltaic generator $(PV)$, Buck-Boost converter, three phase voltage inverter and an induction motor $IM$ coupled to a centrifugal pump. The sliding mode technique is used to control the chopper and DC-AC while the $IM$ control is based on the rotor field-oriented control (FOC). The entire system including the modelling method and the control strategy was verified through simulation results obtained from a mathematical model implemented under Matlab software that well represented the studied system.

OBJECTIVE: Ethnic differences detection of HLA-B27 allelic gene association with development and a clinical course of juvenile spondyloarthritis in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).\nBACKGROUND: The juvenile ankylosing spondylitis (Bekhterev\'s disease) is a constitutional chronic progressive disease which is characterized by an inflammatory injury of musculoskeletal system, a spine, sacroiliac joints, tendinous and muscular structures, and rare - organs of vision and internals. Boys over 9 years are mostly subjected to the disease. The reasons are not detected yet. Great importance attached to the genetic factors (histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27). Detection of B27 allele is the one of modern approaches in preliminary diagnosis and in choice of treatment. \nMETHODS: We tested 73 patients belonging to 73 unrelated families from Yakutia diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, ankylosing spondyloarthritis (Bekhterev\'s disease), psoriatic arthritis and reactive arthritis for the carrier state of B27 allele.\nRESULTS: Statistically significant association with the 27 allele carrier state locus B is found in group of male Yakuts with a juvenile ankylosing spondyloarthritis (OR (95% of CI) = 5.6471 (1.3474-23.6676); p=0.0179).\nCONCLUSION: Population frequency of B27 allele over Yakuts is 33% that is 3 times more than at Russians. In Yakuts population the communication between B27 and juvenile arthritis is not detected. Probably, it connects with heavy heterogenetic selection of patients. The carrier state of B27 allele over female Yakut doesn\'t increase a risk to become ill with a juvenile ankylosing spondyloarthritis, whereas the carrier state of B27 allele of male Yakut increases the risk for 5-6 times.

Our country is facing a twofold confront. It should maintain or even enhance its competitiveness, a basic necessity in a globalised economy and under the recent demographic threat. It desires also to deal with the so called “imposing challenges”, particularly environmental issues, through a sustainable method of production and consumption. Such challenge must lead to new business and industrial methods, based on new sustainable production and consumption chains, from design till end of life. This means a need for new industrial materials and procedures, new skills and certainly, new values and life-styles. Sustainability and innovation are key elements of India’s Research and Innovation Framework Programmes, mainly in the field of industrial technologies, whose objective is to develop the competitiveness of the Indian industry and produce knowledge to make sure its transformation from a resource intensive to a knowledge intensive industry. Sustainability and innovation are interconnected challenges for R&D. Research can expand technical solutions to embark upon environmental or societal challenges, but such technologies have to to be successfully commercialised to have a real environmental impact. This papers deals with a study on sustainability of submersible pumps and determine the metrics needed for improving the standards in Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) environment

The efficiency of the flotation process strongly depends on the characteristics of the gas dispersion: bubble diameter, gas holdup, and bubble surface area flux. Bubble size is important since it is responsible of colliding, attaching, and carrying the valuable species out of the column as concentrate; therefore, it is important to design spargers to control the gas dispersion characteristics and to increase the metallurgical performance of flotation.\nIn this research work the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation method was applied to design and study the hydraulic phenomena that occur inside the sparger type venturi, when bubbles are generated. This sparger was simulated to be externally attached to a flotation column, and for a water-air system. The CFD was solved through the software ANSYS Fluent R16.2®, and the preprocessor Gambit 2.4.6. During the solution two turbulence models were assumed: k-, and LES; and the multiphase model: VOF.\nThe simulated venturi has the inlet and outlet diameter of 0.0381 m, whereas in the center the diameter is 0.0127 m (contracted vein). The convergent and divergent angles are of 15 degrees. Eight holes were radially distributed around the vein contract or throat of the venturi, to supply compressed air to the sparger.\nExperimental results show that the bubble size and distribution of the bubbles swarm is more homogeneous when the gas is supplied through the eight orifices. The simulation results indicate that with the models VOF/k-ε both the dynamic pressure and phases velocity are not homogeneous inside the venturi, and when the bubbles swarm goes into the flotation column, a severe mixing is observed, caused by the appearance of zones with different density in the column. On the other hand, with the models VOF/LES the dynamic pressure and phases velocity are more uniform inside the sparger, ensuring an even bubble swarm distribution in the column.

In India, the demand for steel tremendously increased since the turn of the millennium due to the economic development. Iron and steel industry involves a variety of complex processes and large scale operations. Most of the processes are extremely hazardous in nature. The working environment of steel industries poses potential dangers and the employees are exposed to high hazards. In order to avoid hazards, suitable and stringent precautions are to be observed. Wide range of hazards or workplace activities or conditions in steel industries can cause accidents, injury, risks leading to death, ill health or diseases.

The modern chemical plants are complex due to technological advancements and depending upon the nature of operations, it involves hazards of varying degree at each stage. In India, it has developed very fast with large size Fertilizers, Petrochemical Plants and Oil Refineries and very large number of large, medium and small scale chemical factories. Though scientific handling of chemicals is practiced in large units, the information on such aspects is not readily available and accessible to people working in medium and small scale chemical units. This paper deals with safety measures in operation and maintenance of chemical plants.

The paper examines the Ionospheric response to the annular eclipse of the sun on January 15, 2010 over eastern and western Malaysia using GPS data measurement from 14-ground station in Malaysia. The GPS sensing technique employs two different approaches to verify the TEC depletion occurrence at the 14-stations. The first approach measures the TEC depletion parameters at the 14 GPS stations during the solar event. The second approach compares the TEC value with the quiet day TEC variation at one of the station 3-days before and 3-days after the solar eclipse event. The GPS observation indicates occurrence of TEC depression at 6 stations where the behaviour varying from one station to another. On the basis of the first and second measurement techniques, the range of TEC depletions at the six stations were 9 to 20 %, while for the other 8-stations 0.4 to 12% respectively. The measurement shows that TEC depression at most GPS stations began on the neck of the first contact of the solar eclipse followed by deeper depressions. This effect was as a result of the hiding of the optical rays during the solar eclipse which causes direct reduction in photo ionization; destroy the previous photo-chemical equilibrium and result in the depletion in electron density.

Abstract:\n\n Retinal images provide early signs of diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and hypertension. These signs can be investigated based on micro aneurysms or smaller vessels. These studies require accurate tracing of retinal vessel structure from fundus images in an automated manner. However, the existing threshold based segmentation encounters great difficulties such as the detected edges are consisted of discrete pixels and may be incomplete or discontinuous and computationally expensive. To solve above problem, Hierarchical Cat Swarm behaviour based Optimization scheme (HCSO) with Mean Shift Clustering (MSC) algorithm is proposed in this paper. In diagnosis, the vessel angles and lengths are changed particularly in junctions and it’s detected by using vessel segmentation. Also the bifurcations and crossings are disconnected and the vessel paths are interrupted in retinal image. So, the proposed system focused these kinds of junction problems. Initially, the input image is pre-processed using top hat filtering to enhance the accurate vessel extraction. Then, the geometric structure based features are extracted by using morphological scheme. Here, the junction problem is analyzed through a connectivity kernel. The experimental result shows the proposed work has efficient and effective vessel segmentation and can be useful for image-aided diagnosis systems and further applications.

This article is dedicated to the issues of determining the basic concepts of principles for naming / renaming in city toponymy and systematization. The urbanonymy phenomenon is described as a very important mechanism operating the linguocultural and linguo-social system of a particular language. Since they as a system represent the language image as language symbols for distinguishing between intracity objects and perform a certain function of a formed society against the background of space and time. The modern linguistic science contains a great variety of classifications the purpose of which is to systemize names and to determine various approaches to studying them, and to identify the general concept. Many classifications remain disputable and contradictory due to a great variety of onomastic phenomena and their various parameters. This article is aimed at, on one hand, showing an important mechanism of the naming principle, the influence of urbanonyms on city image development (with the city of Astana as an example), and, on the other hand, describing and analyzing them for representation of linguistic and cultural knowledge of the ethnos.