Abstract Whereas the criminal law is the legislative policy tool to achieve the requirements of the new economic development to keep pace with and pursue this acceleration, the modern criminal policy aimed at curbing economic crime was reflected in the reality of these legislations, which prompted the talk of the emergence of a new branch of crime known as economic crime, so what is the concept of economic crime in Jordanian law.An introduction:Economic crimes are considered complex and thorny crimes, and since the legal rule is concerned with suppressing and deterring crime, the law has become obligated to deal with this type of crime to treat it, limit it and codify what is developed from it to deter and eliminate it.There is no doubt that economic crimes have harms that outweigh the harms bequeathed by ordinary crime. If the concept of ordinary crime is an attack on society, then economic crime is an attack on public money and society together because of the prominent role it plays in destabilizing the national economy, obstructing economic development, and distorting economic policy. (1)Accordingly, lawmakers, including legislators, jurists, and judges, have not been able to deal with economic crimes as easily as they used to be in dealing with and codifying various phenomena, because legalizing this phenomenon has resulted in a number of consequences, difficulties, and contradictions. The most important of these consequences and difficulties, the most prominent of which is the extreme dissonance that began to be evident when seeking to legalize these crimes between the concept of crime as an illegal act or practice and the dimensions, limits, and privacy of this crime. Perhaps the reason is that the protected interest in this type of crime is ambiguous, sometimes the entity or structure is the economy and economic policy, and at other times it is the economic laws and may be determined by everything that affects public money.(1)Some commentators have considered that the emergence of economic crimes, and their occupation of the importance that exceeded crimes of assault on persons, is one of the most significant characteristics of the twentieth century. See regarding this:Y vone Marx:� Apropos des nouvelles du droht penal modern. �DansL�evolution du droit criminal contemporizing.� Recleildetudes a la memoire de jean Lebret Paris. 1968 page 173:� Le moyen age connaissiat surtout le banait de grand cgemin,leXVIIIsiecle les pick pokets,le XIX si�cle s�est reserve le white-color criminal�.
There are concerns about environmental pollution, specifically air pollution, and its impact on human health. The present study builds on this very issue. The mapping of industrial air pollution sources in the Lomé port area (PA), carried out in accordance with the CORINAIR methodology, is a contribution to the analysis and estimation of emissions in the Lomé port area. This study shows that manufacturing industries are sources of emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), PM2.5, PM10 and Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs). The largest NMVOCs emission was recorded in 2012, amounting to 0.0003 Gg. CO and SO2 emissions are mostly attributable to cement production and peaks are estimated at 3.171 Gg of CO in 2017 and 0.211 Gg of SO2 in 2015. Moreover, the cement industry totals particulate matter emissions up to 0.5 Gg of PM10 and 0.283 Gg of PM2.5 in 2017. Finally, some solutions are proposed so as to solve the air pollution problem in the PA.
Laws are usually characterized by relative stability, meaning that they are not affected by many changes, and this stability does not undermine the developments that affect those laws. The individual and society represented by the state.\nSince societies and individual or collective relations are not static texts, but rather they move and change with the change of data, and a quick look at all legal rules since the beginning of their enactment and up to this moment in the history of human development of societies, we find hundreds of changes, both those that tended towards consolidating more just principles and legal rules , or those that went in the opposite direction, it is not required that development always be in the direction of the fittest, but it may be in another direction, and we have in many laws that were issued a good example, whether those issued in Nazi Germany, or Fascist Italy.\nLooking at the Bahraini Trade Law, we find that recently, Decree-Law No. 28 of 2020 was issued to amend some provisions of the Commercial Companies Law. However, this amendment raised a number of questions. The legislator added to joint stock companies the possibility of increasing the issued capital either by providing in-kind shares. Or by transferring some cash debts to shares in the company, or by transferring loan bonds to shares in the company. The loan into shares in the company without obtaining the consent of the bond holder, which is a matter that is subject to a legal suspicion that we are exposed to in some detail in the present research.\nIn this research, a mixed approach was followed between analysis, description and comparison, as we set out to compare the new amendments issued by the previous texts, analyze those added legal texts, and describe their relationship to the development in the financial industry to reach the results and recommendations that the research concluded, without neglecting the historical approach associated with the development of operations Financial and commercial activities in commercial companies and the resulting developments affecting Bahraini law.
Vibrations of mechanical systems are the cause of many malfunctions (structural failure due to accelerated fatigue, reduced performance, damage, external sources, etc.). Due to the complexity of mechanisms today, controlling of vibrations of mechanical systems is more than ever a major challenge in increasing efficiency of production machines. We are interested in this work by the reduction of bending vibrations through the use of new smart materials. Although the reduction of vibrations has been the subject of several studies in the past, there are nevertheless areas for possible improvement, both in terms of understanding the phenomena and in the development of new materials making it possible to reduce vibratory amplitudes. For the purposes of this article, a magnetorheological elastomer was used to study the bending vibrations of a magnetorheological elastomer sandwich beam. This beam model can be used to reduce the vibrations generated by different sources. A finite element model was developed using Abaqus software to study the vibratory behavior of these new structures, this model also permits to determine the free vibratory response (natural modes and natural frequencies). In addition, this study has provided a better understanding of the phenomenon of considerable self-attenuation of vibrations. Numerical data were compared with those provided by the literature.
This paper is a literature review for the Quantile Regression with Measurement Error, Panel Data with Measurement error, and Quantile Regression with Panel Data.