The aim of this paper is to analyze, following a theoretical framework, the scientific language used\nin the DSM-5 to diagnose “mental disorders”. In particular, the concepts of “science of mental\ndisorders” and “scientific progress” are investigated and the epistemological and operative\nimplications of their use are introduced, covering the fields of psycho-social sciences. Arguing from\na interactionist theoretical perspective, for the first set of implications, the concepts of a-theoretical,\nobjective and neutral, evidence-based research and the tools used in order to pursue diagnostic\nvalidity and reliability are analyzed. For the second set, some consequences of the use of such\nconcepts in the work of mental health professionals with their patients, are highlighted. In\nconclusion, some considerations about the relationship between the object of study, epistemological\nreferences and practical instruments are expressed.

Background: Meningitis most common neurological disorder with high mortality. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination by routine tests does not always provide rapid definite information as far as causative agent of different types of meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is still a very common problem especially in many developing countries;\n Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes and C-reactive protein (CRP) by comparing it with the levels of serum in CSF of different types of meningitis.\nMaterial and Methods: A total of 150 cases, aged between 2 month and 60 years, including patients with bacterial meningitis (n=40), pyogenic meningitis (n=46), viral meningitis (n=24) and a control group (n=40), were analyzed on the basis of data from the initial clinical examinations.\nResults: Significant increase in LDH level (P<0.001) were observed in the test group when compared to the control group. The LDH activity was significantly elevated in the CSF and serum (p < 0.001) in cases of pyogenic (PM) as well as tuberculous meningitis (TBM). CRP was positive in almost all cases and was in the range of 0.7 to 9.7 mg/dl and values were corresponding in the serum. Bacterial meningitis is more common than non-bacterial meningitis. \nConclusion: The enzymatic activity of LDH although significantly raised in PM compared to TBM but there was no cutoff level to differentiate them. CRP can be used as a supportive evidence of meningitis.

Couroupita guianensis Aubl. have many therapeutic uses in the practice of traditional medicine. The current research was conducted to evaluate the anti-Candida albicans activity, antioxidant properties and phytochemical constituents with the identification of antifungal active fraction from C. guianensis flower. Anti-Candida test was carried out using disc diffusion assay, broth dilution method, time killing profile and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The extract was screened for possible antioxidant activities by 2, 2- diphenyl-?-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (HPSA) assays. The total phenolic contents were also determined. Identification of antifungal active fraction was done by using solvent partitioning technique. The extract showed a favorable antimicrobial activity against C. albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 12.5 mg/mL. Time-kill assay suggested that C. guianensis flower extract had completely inhibited C. albicans growth and also exhibited prolonged anti yeast activity. The main abnormalities notes from these microscopic observations were the alterations in morphology and complete collapse of the yeast cells after 36 h of exposure to the extract. Ethyl acetate fraction was considered as an active fraction on the basis of zone of inhibition by solvent partitioning technique. Phytochemical analysis of the extract showed the presence of major classes of phytochemicals alkaloids, phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides and saponin. The extract exhibits antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 93.2 ± 0.011 µg/mL in the DPPH assay and 46.48 ± 0.13 µg/mL in the HPSA assay. The amount of total phenolics contents was 32.2 ± 0.22 mg of GAE/100 gram of extract. The extract of C. guianensis flower may be an effective agent to treat the Candida albicans infection.

This study, made an attempt to establish the relationship between population dynamics, per capita income and savings on the economic growth in Nigeria. The study used time series data from 1980-2015. The study employed Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique, Pairwise Granger Causality Tests after testing for Unit Roots with Augmented Dickey-Fuller method. Among what can be deduced from the findings are: the OLS result shows that population of Nigeria, even as it is very high relative to many other nations do not impact positively on economic growth. It has coefficient of -27426.9 with t-statistic of -1.3281215; also the result reveals that savings negatively impact on the real gross domestic product with coefficient of -43.24414 and t-statistic of -0.286684; that per capita income impact positively and significantly on real gross domestic product with coefficient of 21.53829 and t-statistic of 11.04773. The causality test indicates that causality runs from real gross domestic product to per capita income which implies that per capita income has a role to play in the growth of the country’s RGDP. The country is unable to take advantage of the huge population size to expand labour force productivity. Sequel to the findings of this study, we recommend that Policies to improve equitable distribution of the per capita income should be formulated. The government should equally put in place more economically friendly policies to attract domestic and foreign investors to utilize the abundant cheap labour resources. Policies to encourage private savings should be put in place by the government.

In 2002 AD, 183 pieces of coins were discovered by workers in the road construction near the village that is environs of Tis city of Chabahar in East southern of Iran. From 183 pieces of coins of the treasure trove, 157 pieces that are reserved in the museum of Zahedan are used in this study. Unfortunately, after fourteen years of finding these treasures, no study has been done on any of these coins, and only a small number of them listed as the number of property and the coins are arranged in the albums. Initial studies in this research were to identify the coins, finding and the exact location of these treasures and typology and the study of the coins. In this study, the present research try to identify the precise location (the king, the mint and date), and listing the coins by Stephen albums, they have studied the cognitive measurement of the quantity of coins and quantitative measurement of coins mints. Studies showed that the coins attributed to the Sassanid period, the first Fairuz placed in four groups of typological type, and in 15 different mints, such as Mazda Artaxerxes, Estakhri, Darabgerd and ... were minted. Using the relative frequency graph, the highest quantity of the coins typology belongs to the second type with 35.2 percent and the lowest belonged to the first and third types jointly with 11.52 percent of the total. The highest quantity of coins belongs to the Mint of Estakhr with 13.44 percent and the lowest belongs to the mint of Gorgan with 0.64 percent of total. Unfortunately, in terms of typology quantity, the amount of 10.88% of the coins was distorted and did not belong to any particular type. In terms of quantity of the mints, the amount of 26.88 percent of the coins was distorted and did not belong to any specific Mints.

Integrated use of chemical fertilizer (N) with poultry manure (PM) as amendments at different concentrations on soil health and cocoyam production in coastal plain soil were investigated Treatments were: Control- (PM0N0), 5 t ha-1 PM (PM5N0), 10 t ha-1 PM (PM10N0), 200 kg NPK ha-1 (PM0N200), 100 kg NPK ha-1 (PM0N100), 2.5 t PM + 100 kg NPK ha-1 (PM2.5N100) and 5 t PM + 100 kg NPK ha-1 (PM5N100). Results revealed that physical and chemical properties of the soi and cocoyam yield were substantially (p < 0.05) improved by application poultry manure at the rate of 10 t ha-1 (PM10) and a combinations of lower concentrations of PM and N (PM5N100). Application of 10 t ha-1 PM increased soil quality indices such as water holding capacity, total porosity and soil organic matter by 64%, 30% and 72% respectively, but much higher effects for PM5N100, compared to the control. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in PM5N100 (25.8 cm h-1) followed by PM10N0 (24.11 cm hr-1). The highest yield of cocoyam (4.8 kg m-2) was found in PM5N100, with maximum leaf area index of 96% which could protect the soil surface from the impact of high tropical rains. It was concluded that integration of inorganic fertilizers with poultry manure can be used with optimum rates to improve crop productivity on sustainable basis.