Currently, there is a picture of an extensive increase in the volume of standard housing using outdated building codes of the 70s - 80s of the last century. However, modern demand requires the construction of houses that morally and technologically meet the modern needs of the population. One of the important needs of the Kazakhstani population is the construction of houses that correspond to the concept of national identity and ethnic originality, corresponding to the spirit of neo-nomadism. A modern requirement for buildings is energy efficiency. The article obtains an equation for the energy efficiency of a modern building with elements of national architecture. The initial condition is the equation of the heat balance of the building made in the form of the top of the yurt - a dome. The dome shape has become widespread in many buildings in Kazakhstan, including the main building of the residence of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Akorda. The dome shape is one of the forms with the least energy efficiency, due to the smallest ratio of surface area to volume of the figure. Taking into account heat loss and solar heating, a first-order differential equation was obtained. This equation describes the change in the internal temperature of the building. The equation is solved by the method of variation of a constant. The equation reflects the stationary temperature depending on the external solar heat or the environment, such dome parameters as heat loss, material properties. Based on the obtained equation, a daily graph of temperature changes inside the dome was constructed for winter conditions of the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana. The graph showed that the dome-shaped form stably maintains the temperature inside the dome even with significant fluctuations in external temperature, i.e. the hemisphere, as an architectural element, showed good energy efficiency in the harsh winter conditions of Kazakhstan. The reasons for the good energy efficiency of dome-shaped buildings were indicated: the smallest ratio of the dome surface area to the internal volume, therefore, with the smallest surface area, heat loss is the smallest. The most common rectangular buildings have a surface area 40% larger than domed ones; good conditions are created inside the dome to maintain a microclimate, since warm air rising upward in the dome is distributed evenly under the dome, which leads to uniform heating of the surface, thereby excluding places with high temperature and pressure drops, and therefore heat leaks; good resistance to wind loads. The dome-shaped structure is well streamlined by wind flows. In rectangular buildings, the wind pressure blows directly into the wall, which leads to high wind loads on the building. This is especially relevant for the city of Astana, with its strong wind loads.

Pollution by heavy metals due to anthropogenic, industrial and automobile activities is a regional and global problem. This paper gives information about the seed germination and seedling growth performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata) in response to treatment of copper and chromium (0, 25, 50 and 100 ppm) in single and combined treatments as compared to control. Seed germination of V. radiata showed that increased in concentration of both metal treatments from 25 to 100 ppm reduced germination percentage which was more prominent as compared to control treatment.\nSeedling growth variables i.e. root and shoot length, seedling size, root/shoot ratio and seedling dry weights were also declined with the increase in concentration of copper and chromium in the substrate as compared to control treatment. Seedlings growth of V. radiata gradually reduced with increased in concentrations of Cr as compared to control. The inhibitory effects of combined metals treatments (Cu+Cr) showed high percentage of decreased in seedling growth variable as compared to control. The order of effects of metal treatment at 25-100 ppm concentrations as compared to control was found in the order as Cu>Cr>Cu+Cr. The combined metal treatments of Cu+Cr were found more toxic as compared to individual treatment of Cu and Cr and control.\nTolerance indices and seedling vigor index of V. radiata for individuals and combined metal treatment decreased with the increase in concentration of metal treatment from 25 to 100 ppm for Cu and Cr singly and in combination (Cu+Cr) as compared to control. The highest percentage of decrease in seedling tolerance and seedling vigor indices in seedlings of V. radiata was recorded at 100 ppm when treated with combined metal treatment of copper and chromium. A seedling vigor and tolerance index at 25 ppm was better for single treatment of Cu and Cr treatments as compared to combined treatment of Cu+Cr.

Automobile exhaust emission are a dominant source of urban environmental pollution due to movement of high traffic density and believed to have detrimental negative impact on plant growth rapidly since last couple of decades. This study describe the effects of autoexhaust emission on the seed germination and seedling growth behavior of Senna alata (L.) Roxb. (Ringworm) flowering tree growing as street tree in different road side of the city of Karachi. The effects of automobile exhaust emission on the seed germination and early seedling growth performance of S. alata was recorded. The auto emission showed negative effects on seedling height, leaf area (sq. cm), total plant fresh weight, total plant dry weight, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, root / shoot ratio for fresh weight and root / shoot ratio for dry weight of S. alata growing in polluted sites (Tariq Road, Bahadurabad, Khalid Bin Waleed Road, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Gulshan-e-Iqbal) of city as compared to Karachi University Campus (Cleaner site). The seeds of S. alata collected from the Karachi University campus, which is considered as control site showed better percentage of seed germination and seedling growth as compared to the seeds of the same species collected from the different polluted areas of the city. A high percentage of decrease in seed germination was found for the seeds collected from the Tariq Road, followed by Bahadurabad, Khalid Bin Waleed Road and Gulshan-e-Iqbal Gulshan-e-Iqbal as compared to control. Seedling length was also highly decreased for seeds of same species collected from Tariq Road as compared to control. High percentage of decrease in seedling dry weight was found for seeds of same species collected from Tariq Road, Bahadurabad, Khalid Bin Waleed Road, and Gulshan-e-Iqbal Gulshan-e-Iqbal as compared to control. Root growth of S. alata was significantly decreased in the polluted seedlings as compared to control.\nAccording to tolerance test it was observed that seedling growth of S. alata showed lowest percentage of tolerance to auto exhaust emission were in order of samples collected from Gulshan-e-Iqbal>Bahadurabad>Khalid Bin Waleed Road>Tariq Road as compared to relatively clean area (University campus).

One of basic issues of the sustainable development is the protection of the natural environment. Very important is the waste recycling and the introducing of green technological processes. The use of Fly Ashes (FA), from coal combustion in power plants presents a very important problem in all countries, in which the energy production is based on this fuel. Fly ashes, owing to the spherical shape of their particles, provide consistency, easy placement and compaction of fresh concrete. Phosphogypsum (PG) is a waste product generated by the chemical industry during phosphoric acid production. The processing of PG waste was carried out in waste-free manner by heat treatment with mixing. Biopolymers (BP) were formed on the basis of epoxy resin and fillers in the form of starch or cellulose waste. The study concerned development of composites based on waste FA, PG and BP. Constant Magnetic Field (CMF) characterised by magnetic induction value B = 1 T was an additional parameter improving, under specific conditions, the physical properties of the resultant composites. With respect to absorbability of the tested samples, as a result of exposure to CMF their weight changed by 7,4 % for composites. With respect to flexural strength of the tested samples is concerned, CMF processing caused a change of 11,9 % for homogeneous materials (cement) and of 7,0 % for composites. With respect to compressive strength of the tested samples, CMF processing caused a change of 6,6 % for homogeneous materials (cement) and of 4,6 % for composites. One can apply new composites as: building materials, substructure of the ground, concealed installation insulation layer and polymer materials.

Generation Expansion Planning (GEP) aims to determine the least cost capacity expansion plan to meet forecasted demand inward a pre-defined reliability criterion and emission constraint over a planning horizon. This paper presents the application of Differential Evolution (DE), Opposition-based Differential Evolution (ODE) and Self-adaptive Differential Evolution (SaDE) algorithms to GEP problem, where the power generating system of an Indian state Tamil Nadu is taken as study region. GEP problem has been solved for short-term (6-years) and long-term (12-years) planning horizon by considering least-cost, reliable supply and lowest emission to the environment using DE, ODE and SaDE also validated by Dynamic Programming (DP). GEP problem is solved for seven diverse cases such as, Case 1: Base case, Case 2: GEP with Energy Conservation (EC), Case 3: GEP with high penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), Case 4: GEP with penalty costs on emissions from high emission plants (HEP), Case 5: GEP with energy storage technologies (EST), Case 6: Combination of Cases 2, 3&4 and Case 7: Combination of Cases 2, 3, 4&5. The results simultaneously provide the type and capacity of each type of power plant need to be expanded in each year of the planning horizon at least cost.

The job-shop scheduling issues The Job Shop Scheduling Problem (JSSP) has created as a standout among the most captivating arranging models now in vogue which is concerned with the hardest combinatorial change issues. In this paper considered two unique destinations that is make span time and tardiness work, utilizing enlivened hybrid Grey Wolf-Chicken Swarm Optimization algorithm models. The most extraordinary completion (makes pan), and the tardiness are considered in the meantime. In the proposed figuring, a couple of prior standards are shown to assemble the hidden people with a strange condition of significant worth. The hybrid algorithm count relies on upon the re-enactment of the swarming behavior of wolves’ individuals. The base detachments of each individual wolves and swarms from sustenance and from most bewildering thickness of the group are considered as the objective work for the improvement. The results show that proposed hybrid Optimization algorithm can accomplish good optimization results in terms various iteration levels of both optimization accuracy and robustness also easily applied in real industrial conditions and for large size problems. proposed method consumes 3.86s for 1000 iteration compared with GA (28.72s) and ACO (26.06s), proposed method was very less time period and cost for 6 machines to complete 16 jobs.

This work presents the 70V/18V non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter for maintaining uninterruptable power flow in solar PV applications. The open loop simulation analysis of the converter with step up and step down mode is presented using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Finally, the prototype model of the converter is developed and tested in the laboratory. This converter has the advantages of high voltage gain, high step up/step down voltage conversion ratio, maximum conversion efficiency, having less number of switches and Low voltage stress across switches.