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Abstract:Currently, there is a picture of an extensive increase in the volume of standard housing
using outdated building codes of the 70s - 80s of the last century. However, modern
demand requires the construction of houses that morally and technologically meet the
modern needs of the population. One of the important needs of the Kazakhstani
population is the construction of houses that correspond to the concept of national
identity and ethnic originality, corresponding to the spirit of neo-nomadism. A modern
requirement for buildings is energy efficiency. The article obtains an equation for the
energy efficiency of a modern building with elements of national architecture. The
initial condition is the equation of the heat balance of the building made in the form of
the top of the yurt - a dome. The dome shape has become widespread in many buildings
in Kazakhstan, including the main building of the residence of the President of the
Republic of Kazakhstan Akorda. The dome shape is one of the forms with the least
energy efficiency, due to the smallest ratio of surface area to volume of the figure.
Taking into account heat loss and solar heating, a first-order differential equation was
obtained. This equation describes the change in the internal temperature of the building.
The equation is solved by the method of variation of a constant. The equation reflects
the stationary temperature depending on the external solar heat or the environment, such
dome parameters as heat loss, material properties. Based on the obtained equation, a
daily graph of temperature changes inside the dome was constructed for winter
conditions of the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana. The graph showed that
the dome-shaped form stably maintains the temperature inside the dome even with
significant fluctuations in external temperature, i.e. the hemisphere, as an architectural
element, showed good energy efficiency in the harsh winter conditions of Kazakhstan.
The reasons for the good energy efficiency of dome-shaped buildings were indicated:
the smallest ratio of the dome surface area to the internal volume, therefore, with the smallest surface area, heat loss is the smallest. The most common rectangular buildings
have a surface area 40% larger than domed ones; good conditions are created inside the
dome to maintain a microclimate, since warm air rising upward in the dome is
distributed evenly under the dome, which leads to uniform heating of the surface,
thereby excluding places with high temperature and pressure drops, and therefore heat
leaks; good resistance to wind loads. The dome-shaped structure is well streamlined by
wind flows. In rectangular buildings, the wind pressure blows directly into the wall,
which leads to high wind loads on the building. This is especially relevant for the city of
Astana, with its strong wind loads.
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Keywords:national architecture, heat balance equation, heat transfer equation,
hemisphere, differential equation, integration, temperature regime, surface absorption,
optimization, energy, graph. |